Epimenides was a Cretan who made the immortal statement: "All Cretans The trolley problem is a series of thought experiments in ethics and psychology, involving stylized ethical dilemmas of whether to sacrifice one person to save a larger number. Pre-modern formulations. Bender Bending Rodrguez (designated in-universe as Bending Unit 22, unit number 1,729, serial number 2716057) is a humanoid industrial robot who rounds out the main trio of characters.He fulfills a comic, antihero-type role in Futurama and is described by fellow character Leela as an "alcoholic, whore-mongering, chain-smoking gambler". Beauty is commonly described as a feature of objects that makes these objects pleasurable to perceive. In philosophy and logic, the classical liar paradox or liar's paradox or antinomy of the liar is the statement of a liar that they are lying: for instance, declaring that "I am lying". The St. Petersburg paradox is a situation where a naive decision criterion which takes only the expected value into Such objects include landscapes, sunsets, humans and works of art. An example of a natural but non-necessary desire is the desire for luxury food. Consequentialism, as its name suggests, is simply the view that normative properties depend only on consequences. In the Abilene paradox, a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of many or all of the individuals in the group. A typical description of the problem is given in the book Gdel, Escher, Bach, by Douglas Hofstadter: . The paradoxes of material implication are a group of formulae that are intuitively false but treated as true in systems of logic that interpret the conditional connective as material conditional.On the material implication interpretation, a conditional formula is true unless is true and is false. Fry meets Bender at a suicide booth Meno begins the dialogue by asking Socrates whether virtue is taught, acquired by practice, or comes by nature. However, the experiments seem to rule out all the plausible (and some rather implausible) egoistic explanations. The St. Petersburg paradox or St. Petersburg lottery is a paradox involving the game of flipping a coin where the expected payoff of the theoretical lottery game approaches infinity but nevertheless seems to be worth only a very small amount to the participants. Consider a road network as shown in the adjacent diagram on which 4000 drivers wish to travel from point Start to End. Via contraposition, this statement is equivalent to: (2) If something is not black, then it is not a raven. If the liar is indeed lying, then the liar is telling the truth, which means the liar just lied. Braess's paradox is the observation that adding one or more roads to a road network can slow down overall traffic flow through it. What are the characteristics of God? Second, after the preferred option has been chosen, the feasible region that has been selected was picked based on restriction of financial, legal, social, physical or emotional restrictions that The mere addition paradox, also known as the repugnant conclusion, is a problem in ethics, identified by Derek Parfit and discussed in his book Reasons and Persons (1984). Hedonism, which held that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind, and that we should always act so as to maximize our own pleasure. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman have shown that framing can affect the outcome of choice problems (i.e. Rational choice theory has proposed that there are two outcomes of two choices regarding human action. In the works of Aristotle, eudaimonia was the term for the highest human good in older Greek tradition. It continues to be a reliable source for new puzzles and insights in decision theory. Hempel describes the paradox in terms of the hypothesis: (1) All ravens are black.In the form of an implication, this can be expressed as: If something is a raven, then it is black. It was first introduced to the public in Martin Gardner's March 1963 Mathematical Games column in For example, people living in Eastern Asian cultures focus more on the need for happiness within relationships with others and even find personal happiness to be harmful to fulfilling happy social relationships. The term is usually translated as "self-centered world". Example. Thus, despite his hedonism, Epicurus advocates a surprisingly ascetic way of life. A typical formulation involves a heap of sand, from which grains are removed individually.With the assumption that removing a single grain does not cause a heap to become a non-heap, the paradox is to consider what happens when the Independence means that if an agent is indifferent between simple lotteries and , the agent is also indifferent between mixed with an arbitrary simple lottery with probability and mixed with with the same probability .Violating this principle is known as the "common consequence" problem (or In order to determine whether virtue is teachable or not, Socrates tells Meno that they first need to determine what virtue is. This historically important and still popular theory embodies the basic intuition that what is best or right is whatever makes the world best in the future, because we cannot change the past, so worrying about the past is no more useful than crying over The idea of motivational hedonism is the theory that pleasure is the aim for human life. The paradox identifies the mutual incompatibility of four intuitively compelling assertions about the relative value of populations. Philosophers Richard Brandt and Brad Hooker are major proponents of such an approach. Beauty, together with art and taste, is the main subject of aesthetics, one of the major branches of philosophy.As a positive aesthetic value, it is contrasted with ugliness as its negative counterpart. Millard Erickson said this about the characteristics or attributes of God, When we speak of the attributes of God, we are referring to those qualities of God that constitute what he is, the very characteristics of his nature. 1 Ryrie instead calls Gods characteristics, his perfections because all of the qualities or attributes of In the semiotic theories of Jakob von Uexkll and Thomas A. Sebeok, umwelt (plural: umwelten; from the German Umwelt meaning "environment" or "surroundings") is the "biological foundations that lie at the very epicenter of the study of both communication and signification in the human [and non-human] animal". The sorites paradox (/ s o r a t i z /; sometimes known as the paradox of the heap) is a paradox that results from vague predicates. Parfits original formulation of the repugnant conclusion is that, For any The context or framing of problems adopted by decision-makers results in part from extrinsic manipulation of the The Epimenides paradox reveals a problem with self-reference in logic.It is named after the Cretan philosopher Epimenides of Knossos (alive circa 600 BC) who is credited with the original statement. The paradox is variously applied to a prisoner's hanging or a surprise school test. Self-reference An example is the statement "This statement is false", a form of the liar paradox.The statement is referring to itself. The unexpected hanging paradox or surprise test paradox is a paradox about a person's expectations about the timing of a future event which they are told will occur at an unexpected time. It involves a common breakdown of group communication in which each member mistakenly believes that their own preferences are counter to the group's and, therefore, does not raise objections, or even states support for Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The paradox of hedonism (or the paradox of selfishness) is that people who are exclusively concerned with their own interests tend to have happier and more satisfying lives than those who are concerned about other people., Which of the following characteristics distinguishes moral standards from other sorts of The St. Petersburg paradox was introduced by Nicolaus Bernoulli in 1713. Another popular objection to various forms of psychological egoism is often called the paradox of hedonism, which was primarily popularized by Henry Sidgwick (1874/1907, 2.3.2.3). The importance of happiness as an end for humans has long been recognized. Firstly, the feasible region will be chosen within all the possible and related action. Allais presented his paradox as a counterexample to the independence axiom.. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Although food is needed for survival, one does not need a particular type of food to survive. This led to the development of prospect theory.. Eudaimonia (Greek: [eudaimona]; sometimes anglicized as eudaemonia or eudemonia, / j u d m o n i /) is a Greek word literally translating to the state or condition of 'good spirit', and which is commonly translated as 'happiness' or 'welfare'.. Common themes in paradoxes include self-reference, infinite regress, circular definitions, and confusion or equivocation between different levels of abstraction.. Patrick Hughes outlines three laws of the paradox:. Meno (/ m i n o /; Greek: , Mnn) is a Socratic dialogue by Plato. Happiness was also explored in depth by Thomas Aquinas, in Forms of hedonism were put forward by Aristippus and Epicurus; Aristotle argued that eudaimonia is the highest human good; and Augustine wrote that "all men agree in desiring the last end, which is happiness." Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness of the rule of which it is an instance". 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